Launched in 1984, the Macintosh and its operating system were designed from the start as a single-user, single-tasking system, which allowed the hardware development to be greatly simplified. The prehistory of Copland begins with an understanding of the Mac OS legacy, and its architectural problems to be solved.
In 2008, PC World included Copland on a list of the biggest project failures in information technology (IT) history. The Copland development effort can be described by pejorative software industry terminology such as "empire building," feature creep, and project death march.
All of these releases bear functional or cosmetic influence from Copland. Mac OS X became Apple's next-generation operating system with its release in 2001. In the interim period, while NeXTSTEP was ported to the Mac, Apple released a much more legacy-oriented Mac OS 8 in 1997, followed by Mac OS 9 in 1999. Among many choices, they selected NeXTSTEP and purchased NeXT in 1997 to obtain it. In August 1996, it was announced that Copland was canceled and Apple would look outside the company for a new operating system. Development milestones and developer release dates were missed repeatedly.Įllen Hancock was hired to get the project back on track, but quickly concluded it would never ship. Internally, however, the development effort was beset with problems due to dysfunctional corporate personnel and project management. In May 1996, Gil Amelio stated that Copland was the primary focus of the company, aiming for a late-year release. Over the next several years, previews of Copland garnered much press, introducing the Mac audience to basic concepts of modern operating system design such as object orientation, crash-proofing, and multitasking. Copland's tentatively planned successor, codenamed Gershwin, was intended to add more advanced features such as application-level multithreading.ĭevelopment officially began in March 1994. Planned as a modern successor to the aging System 7, Copland introduced protected memory, preemptive multitasking, and several new underlying operating system features, while retaining compatibility with existing Mac applications.
It was intended to be released as System 8, and later, Mac OS 8. Copland is an operating system developed by Apple for Macintosh computers between 19 but never commercially released.
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